HOW DO WE GET OUR CHARACTERISTICS FROM OUR
PARENTS?
8. Define the terms – Cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, gene, nucleotide:
Cell: a self-replicating unit that exists as an independent unit of life or as a sub unit (multicellular organism) that is specialised into carrying
out certain functions enabling the whole organism to carry out his tasks.
Nucleus: the positively charged central core of an atom. Contains the cell hereditary information and controls cell growth and movement.
Chromosome: structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of cells.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. A nucleic acid that carries genetic information and can self-replicate. It is the main constituent of chromosomes
Gene: segments of DNA located on chromosomes. They contain the codes of production for specific proteins. Alleles determine distinct traits which can
be passed from parent to offspring.
Nucleotide: the basic building blocks of nucleic acids made up of nitrogenous base (deoxyribose), a sugar, and a phosphate group.
There are four bases: Guanine and Cytosine join together whilst thymine and Adenine fit together. In the double helix structure they are connected by hydrogen bonds. The outer sides of the ladder/structure are the phosphates and sugars (deoxyribose). The rungs of the ladder (bases) are connected to the sugars.
9. Create an analogy to represent the terms – chromosome, DNA and gene:
10. Recall that DNA codes for the production of proteins which determine our characteristics:
11. Describe the double helix structure of DNA:
12. Construct a model of DNA showing matching bases and sugar and phosphate backbone.
13. Describe the contribution of Watson and Crick to developing the model of DNA:
Rosalind franklin’s photo 51 enables Watson and crick to discover the secret of life. Used franklins work to develop the DNA structure. Rosalind’s data was never published. Rosalind’s data was the basis of the DNA structure and is the unknowing contributor of the DNA structure. Watson and Crick developed the model of DNA and explained how it was structured. The way it could reproduce itself, the DNA can split in half reasonably easily as the hydrogen bonds are quite weak. Thus this half can match up again to create new DNA. Watson got the information from Rosalind Franklin’s information.
14. Describe how genetic information is transferred as DNA in chromosomes from one cell to another during the processes of cell division - mitosis and meiosis.
The genetic information is transferred as DNA in chromosomes divide one after the other
15. Compare the purpose and characteristics of the daughter cells in the processes of mitosis and meiosis
16. Define the term mutation and explain the beneficial and harmful consequences of mutations using examples.
17. Appreciate the work of Mendel and his contribution to our understanding of genetics:
Gregor mendel was an australian monk whose experimentation with pea plants resulted in his discovery of the foundations of genetics. Through carefully cross-breeding pure-bred tall plants and pure-bred short plants, he found that the first generation of pea plants had grown only tall. However of the second generation 1/4 of the pea plants were short and 3/4 were tall. This reflects the idea that being tall is a dominant gene whist being short is recessive. It also reflects the idea that in the pea plants one characteristic dominated the other, forcing it to become recessive in the hybrid. Thus our genetic characterisitcs are determined by two factors!!! One from our mother and one from our father.
18. Define the terms dominant and recessive gene, genotype and phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous cell.
Homozygous :
Heterozygous :
Recessive :
Dominant :
Phenotype :
Genotype :
19. Predict the probability of inherited characteristics in offspring using punnett squares.:
20. Investigate how environmental factors can influence the phenotype of organisms:
21. Explain that the variation amongst members of a species is due to meiosis, random fertilisation, mutation and the environment:
Cell: a self-replicating unit that exists as an independent unit of life or as a sub unit (multicellular organism) that is specialised into carrying
out certain functions enabling the whole organism to carry out his tasks.
Nucleus: the positively charged central core of an atom. Contains the cell hereditary information and controls cell growth and movement.
Chromosome: structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of cells.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. A nucleic acid that carries genetic information and can self-replicate. It is the main constituent of chromosomes
Gene: segments of DNA located on chromosomes. They contain the codes of production for specific proteins. Alleles determine distinct traits which can
be passed from parent to offspring.
Nucleotide: the basic building blocks of nucleic acids made up of nitrogenous base (deoxyribose), a sugar, and a phosphate group.
There are four bases: Guanine and Cytosine join together whilst thymine and Adenine fit together. In the double helix structure they are connected by hydrogen bonds. The outer sides of the ladder/structure are the phosphates and sugars (deoxyribose). The rungs of the ladder (bases) are connected to the sugars.
9. Create an analogy to represent the terms – chromosome, DNA and gene:
10. Recall that DNA codes for the production of proteins which determine our characteristics:
11. Describe the double helix structure of DNA:
12. Construct a model of DNA showing matching bases and sugar and phosphate backbone.
13. Describe the contribution of Watson and Crick to developing the model of DNA:
Rosalind franklin’s photo 51 enables Watson and crick to discover the secret of life. Used franklins work to develop the DNA structure. Rosalind’s data was never published. Rosalind’s data was the basis of the DNA structure and is the unknowing contributor of the DNA structure. Watson and Crick developed the model of DNA and explained how it was structured. The way it could reproduce itself, the DNA can split in half reasonably easily as the hydrogen bonds are quite weak. Thus this half can match up again to create new DNA. Watson got the information from Rosalind Franklin’s information.
14. Describe how genetic information is transferred as DNA in chromosomes from one cell to another during the processes of cell division - mitosis and meiosis.
The genetic information is transferred as DNA in chromosomes divide one after the other
15. Compare the purpose and characteristics of the daughter cells in the processes of mitosis and meiosis
16. Define the term mutation and explain the beneficial and harmful consequences of mutations using examples.
17. Appreciate the work of Mendel and his contribution to our understanding of genetics:
Gregor mendel was an australian monk whose experimentation with pea plants resulted in his discovery of the foundations of genetics. Through carefully cross-breeding pure-bred tall plants and pure-bred short plants, he found that the first generation of pea plants had grown only tall. However of the second generation 1/4 of the pea plants were short and 3/4 were tall. This reflects the idea that being tall is a dominant gene whist being short is recessive. It also reflects the idea that in the pea plants one characteristic dominated the other, forcing it to become recessive in the hybrid. Thus our genetic characterisitcs are determined by two factors!!! One from our mother and one from our father.
18. Define the terms dominant and recessive gene, genotype and phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous cell.
Homozygous :
Heterozygous :
Recessive :
Dominant :
Phenotype :
Genotype :
19. Predict the probability of inherited characteristics in offspring using punnett squares.:
20. Investigate how environmental factors can influence the phenotype of organisms:
21. Explain that the variation amongst members of a species is due to meiosis, random fertilisation, mutation and the environment: